Capital

Season Statistics


Overall Statistics


The Automated ScoreBook Overall Statistics for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games Sorted by Batting avg) Record: 25-17 Home: 8-6 Away: 10-6 Neutral: 7-5 Conference: 13-5 Player AVG GP-GS AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI TB SLG% BB HBP SO GDP OB% SF SH SB-ATT PO A E FLD% Newton.............. .500 3-2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 .500 0 0 0 0 .500 0 0 1-1 10 1 0 1.000 Shepherd............ .478 41-41 136 45 65 2 1 0 12 69 .507 11 0 9 1 .517 0 12 47-51 36 63 6 .943 Burris.............. .449 42-42 118 24 53 9 2 2 33 72 .610 20 5 10 0 .545 0 5 9-13 55 2 3 .950 Kennedy............. .414 42-42 133 25 55 10 1 0 27 67 .504 19 0 9 0 .484 1 8 7-8 234 11 3 .988 Blue................ .375 7-0 8 2 3 0 0 1 2 6 .750 0 0 2 0 .375 0 0 0-0 1 4 1 .833 Marquis............. .333 9-3 9 1 3 0 0 0 1 3 .333 1 0 4 0 .400 0 0 0-0 12 3 0 1.000 Cloud............... .331 42-42 133 24 44 10 1 0 30 56 .421 9 1 7 0 .372 2 6 6-7 53 66 11 .915 Madden.............. .277 41-39 101 20 28 5 1 4 17 47 .465 9 4 24 0 .360 0 4 15-18 65 55 12 .909 Stephenson.......... .275 25-11 40 6 11 1 0 0 5 12 .300 0 2 13 0 .302 1 1 2-2 5 1 0 1.000 Heidenreich......... .266 41-41 109 12 29 8 0 1 28 40 .367 7 1 12 0 .314 1 9 4-5 23 14 1 .974 Willeke............. .259 26-20 54 5 14 3 0 0 11 17 .315 2 1 10 0 .298 0 0 0-0 6 26 2 .941 Keitch.............. .259 32-21 58 18 15 4 2 0 6 23 .397 7 0 12 0 .338 0 7 1-1 12 2 1 .933 Dumas............... .250 40-37 100 18 25 3 1 0 7 30 .300 14 2 20 0 .350 1 10 2-2 3 3 1 .857 Nemer............... .250 25-24 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 .250 0 1 1 0 .400 0 0 0-0 178 11 2 .990 Buck................ .250 17-16 4 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 .500 0 1 3 0 .400 0 0 0-0 107 6 0 1.000 Klingle............. .214 32-24 56 12 12 2 0 0 9 14 .250 4 1 9 0 .279 0 3 0-0 7 0 1 .875 Maurath............. .200 17-1 5 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 .200 2 1 1 0 .500 0 0 1-1 1 0 0 1.000 Stefano............. .149 25-14 47 3 7 1 0 2 3 14 .298 3 0 14 1 .200 0 1 0-1 6 23 1 .967 Peters.............. .000 10-0 7 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 .000 1 0 1 0 .111 1 0 0-0 10 0 0 1.000 Totals.............. .327 42-42 1124 227 368 59 9 10 194 475 .423 109 20 161 2 .394 7 66 95-110 824 291 45 .961 Opponents........... .222 42-42 1032 120 229 38 6 16 101 327 .317 93 12 288 1 .293 4 36 33-41 812 360 64 .948 LOB - Team (287), Opp (233). DPs turned - Team (5), Opp (7). Picked off - Stefano 1, Burris 1, Marquis 1, Klingle 1. (All games Sorted by Earned run avg) Player ERA W-L APP GS CG SHO/CBO SV IP H R ER BB SO Blue................ 0.77 0-0 5 0 0 0/3 0 11.2 6 2 1 2 13 Stefano............. 1.94 7-6 27 14 9 3/0 4 116.0 90 38 25 19 148 Heidenreich......... 3.19 6-3 10 9 3 1/2 0 42.1 39 23 15 15 43 Willeke............. 3.35 12-8 24 19 8 1/1 1 104.2 94 57 39 57 84 Totals.............. 2.62 25-17 42 42 20 8/3 5 274.2 229 120 80 93 288 Opponents........... 5.82 17-25 42 42 25 3/0 2 270.2 368 227 175 109 161 PB - Team (10), Nemer 5, Buck 5, Opp (17). Pickoffs - Team (3), Heidenreich 1, Buck 1, Willeke 1, Opp (3). SBA/ATT - Willeke (18-22), Buck (17-18), Nemer (10-16), Stefano (7-9), Heidenreich (6-8), Newton (4-5), Blue (2-2), Peters (2-2).
The Automated ScoreBook Overall Statistics for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games Sorted by Fielding pct) Player C PO A E FLD% DPs SBA CSB SBA% PB CI Buck................ 113 107 6 0 1.000 0 17 1 .944 5 0 Marquis............. 15 12 3 0 1.000 0 0 0 --- 0 0 Newton.............. 11 10 1 0 1.000 1 4 1 .800 0 0 Peters.............. 10 10 0 0 1.000 0 2 0 1.000 0 0 Stephenson.......... 6 5 1 0 1.000 0 0 0 --- 0 0 Maurath............. 1 1 0 0 1.000 0 0 0 --- 0 0 Nemer............... 191 178 11 2 .990 0 10 6 .625 5 0 Kennedy............. 248 234 11 3 .988 4 0 0 --- 0 0 Heidenreich......... 38 23 14 1 .974 0 6 2 .750 0 0 Stefano............. 30 6 23 1 .967 1 7 2 .778 0 0 Burris.............. 60 55 2 3 .950 1 0 0 --- 0 0 Shepherd............ 105 36 63 6 .943 0 0 0 --- 0 0 Willeke............. 34 6 26 2 .941 0 18 4 .818 0 0 Keitch.............. 15 12 2 1 .933 0 0 0 --- 0 0 Cloud............... 130 53 66 11 .915 2 0 0 --- 0 0 Madden.............. 132 65 55 12 .909 0 0 0 --- 0 0 Klingle............. 8 7 0 1 .875 0 0 0 --- 0 0 Dumas............... 7 3 3 1 .857 1 0 0 --- 0 0 Blue................ 6 1 4 1 .833 0 2 0 1.000 0 0 Totals.............. 1160 824 291 45 .961 5 33 8 .805 10 0 Opponents........... 1236 812 360 64 .948 7 95 15 .864 17 0

Analysis Statistics


The Automated ScoreBook BATTING ANALYSIS for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games Sorted by Player Name) vs Left vs Right w/Runners On w/Bases Empty w/Bases Loaded Rch as Leadoff Fly Gnd Fly/ Player H AB Avg H AB Avg H AB Avg H AB Avg H AB Avg Rch Ops Pct Out Out Gnd ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Blue................ 0 0 --- 3 8 .375 1 4 .250 2 4 .500 1 2 .500 0 0 --- 1 1 1.0 Buck................ 0 0 --- 1 4 .250 1 2 .500 0 2 .000 1 1 1.000 0 0 --- 0 0 0.0 Burris.............. 0 0 --- 53 118 .449 35 79 .443 18 39 .462 3 10 .300 17 27 .630 28 29 1.0 Cloud............... 0 0 --- 44 133 .331 28 88 .318 16 45 .356 4 9 .444 11 25 .440 53 33 1.6 Dumas............... 0 0 --- 25 100 .250 18 68 .265 7 32 .219 1 6 .167 5 15 .333 33 27 1.2 Heidenreich......... 0 0 --- 29 109 .266 21 57 .368 8 52 .154 4 12 .333 6 29 .207 32 40 0.8 Keitch.............. 0 0 --- 15 58 .259 5 20 .250 10 38 .263 2 2 1.000 8 20 .400 9 24 0.4 Kennedy............. 0 0 --- 55 133 .414 32 75 .427 23 58 .397 0 5 .000 7 16 .438 32 38 0.8 Klingle............. 0 0 --- 12 56 .214 7 25 .280 5 31 .161 0 0 --- 8 19 .421 8 25 0.3 Madden.............. 0 0 --- 28 101 .277 11 51 .216 17 50 .340 0 5 .000 9 31 .290 27 24 1.1 Marquis............. 0 0 --- 3 9 .333 2 6 .333 1 3 .333 1 2 .500 1 2 .500 1 1 1.0 Maurath............. 0 0 --- 1 5 .200 1 2 .500 0 3 .000 0 0 --- 1 4 .250 3 0 99.9 Nemer............... 0 0 --- 1 4 .250 1 4 .250 0 0 --- 0 0 --- 1 1 1.000 0 2 0.0 Newton.............. 0 0 --- 1 2 .500 0 1 .000 1 1 1.000 0 0 --- 0 0 --- 0 0 0.0 Peters.............. 0 0 --- 0 7 .000 0 5 .000 0 2 .000 0 1 .000 0 2 .000 2 5 0.4 Shepherd............ 0 0 --- 65 136 .478 24 41 .585 41 95 .432 3 3 1.000 32 59 .542 14 55 0.3 Stefano............. 0 0 --- 7 47 .149 3 30 .100 4 17 .235 0 3 .000 5 7 .714 14 12 1.2 Stephenson.......... 0 0 --- 11 40 .275 6 21 .286 5 19 .263 2 6 .333 2 6 .333 10 4 2.5 Willeke............. 0 0 --- 14 54 .259 11 27 .407 3 27 .111 0 1 .000 0 9 .000 13 15 0.9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Totals.............. 0 0 --- 368 1124 .327 207 606 .342 161 518 .311 22 68 .324 113 272 .415 280 335 0.8 Opponents........... 0 0 --- 229 1032 .222 107 457 .234 122 575 .212 4 32 .125 93 276 .337 238 278 0.9 With Runners w/Rnr on 3rd 2- Success #Rnrs Pinch Hitting In Scoring Pos And LT 2 Out With 2 Out Out Advancing Rnrs Adv Rnrs Rch Rch Player H AB Avg H AB Avg RBI Ops Pct H AB Avg RBI Adv Ops Pct w/Out LOB Err FC KL ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Blue................ 1 2 .500 1 4 .250 1 2 .500 1 3 .333 0 3 4 .750 0 2 1 1 0 Buck................ 0 0 --- 1 1 1.000 1 1 1.000 0 1 .000 0 1 2 .500 0 0 0 0 0 Burris.............. 0 0 --- 34 66 .515 9 19 .474 17 40 .425 16 56 91 .615 10 29 3 7 2 Cloud............... 0 0 --- 19 65 .292 11 22 .500 13 46 .283 13 49 100 .490 17 36 4 5 1 Dumas............... 2 4 .500 10 43 .233 3 10 .300 12 50 .240 3 41 84 .488 15 36 6 2 5 Heidenreich......... 0 0 --- 18 44 .409 7 11 .636 10 42 .238 14 40 68 .588 12 31 5 4 2 Keitch.............. 0 4 .000 4 15 .267 3 6 .500 3 16 .188 0 16 28 .571 9 11 3 3 2 Kennedy............. 0 0 --- 29 70 .414 6 10 .600 14 41 .341 7 53 85 .624 17 22 7 4 0 Klingle............. 1 6 .167 5 20 .250 5 7 .714 1 13 .077 3 18 29 .621 8 12 5 0 0 Madden.............. 0 2 .000 8 43 .186 2 8 .250 11 35 .314 11 22 58 .379 7 39 2 4 0 Marquis............. 1 2 .500 1 4 .250 1 2 .500 0 2 .000 0 2 6 .333 0 4 0 0 0 Maurath............. 0 0 --- 0 0 --- 0 0 --- 0 1 .000 0 2 3 .667 0 1 0 0 1 Nemer............... 0 0 --- 0 2 .000 0 1 .000 0 1 .000 0 2 4 .500 0 1 0 2 1 Newton.............. 1 2 .500 0 1 .000 0 0 --- 0 0 --- 0 1 1 1.000 0 0 1 0 0 Peters.............. 0 4 .000 0 5 .000 1 3 .333 0 0 --- 0 6 7 .857 5 0 0 2 0 Shepherd............ 0 0 --- 14 26 .538 3 5 .600 18 35 .514 6 43 55 .782 18 8 5 1 2 Stefano............. 1 2 .500 2 20 .100 0 2 .000 1 25 .040 1 6 31 .194 3 27 1 1 3 Stephenson.......... 2 8 .250 3 13 .231 1 4 .250 6 16 .375 4 12 25 .480 2 13 2 2 1 Willeke............. 1 2 .500 10 21 .476 1 4 .250 9 24 .375 7 13 28 .464 1 8 2 1 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Totals.............. 10 38 .263 159 463 .343 55 117 .470 116 391 .297 85 386 709 .544 124 287 47 39 20 Opponents........... 2 24 .083 71 302 .235 22 60 .367 68 342 .199 36 229 515 .445 84 233 36 28 42 Success Advancing Runners = percentage of times the batter advanced at least one runner during a plate appearance #Rnrs Adv w/Out = TOTAL number of runners advanced when the player made an out
The Automated ScoreBook PITCHING ANALYSIS for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games Sorted by Player Name) vs Left vs Right w/Runners On w/Bases Empty Rch by Leadoff with 2 Outs Fly Gnd Fly/ Player H AB Avg H AB Avg H AB Avg H AB Avg Rch Ops Pct H AB Avg Out Out Gnd ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Blue................ 2 6 .333 4 35 .114 1 12 .083 5 29 .172 2 11 .182 3 15 .200 8 14 0.6 Heidenreich......... 5 13 .385 34 146 .233 18 72 .250 21 87 .241 15 43 .349 9 49 .184 32 45 0.7 Stefano............. 7 45 .156 83 383 .217 38 169 .225 52 259 .201 33 114 .289 29 145 .200 120 76 1.6 Willeke............. 11 37 .297 83 367 .226 50 204 .245 44 200 .220 43 108 .398 27 133 .203 78 143 0.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Totals.............. 25 101 .248 204 931 .219 107 457 .234 122 575 .212 93 276 .337 68 342 .199 238 278 0.9 Opponents........... 0 0 --- 368 1124 .327 207 606 .342 161 518 .311 113 272 .415 116 391 .297 280 335 0.8 IP/ K/BB Stolen Bases Player App-GS App *H/g *R/g *ER/g *BB/g *SO/g Ratio *2B/g *3B/g *HR/g *FO/g *GO/g *BF/g SBA ATT Pct ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Blue................ 5-0 2.33 4.63 1.54 0.77 1.54 10.03 6.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.17 10.80 33.94 2 2 1.000 Heidenreich......... 10-9 4.23 8.29 4.89 3.19 3.19 9.14 2.9 1.06 0.00 0.85 6.80 9.57 38.69 6 8 .750 Stefano............. 27-14 4.30 6.98 2.95 1.94 1.47 11.48 7.8 1.40 0.08 0.62 9.31 5.90 36.31 7 9 .778 Willeke............. 24-19 4.36 8.08 4.90 3.35 4.90 7.22 1.5 1.29 0.43 0.34 6.71 12.30 41.53 18 22 .818 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Totals.............. 42-42 6.54 7.50 3.93 2.62 3.05 9.44 3.1 1.25 0.20 0.52 7.80 9.11 38.57 33 41 .864 Opponents........... 42-42 6.44 12.24 7.55 5.82 3.62 5.35 1.5 1.96 0.30 0.33 9.31 11.14 44.09 95 110 .805 * = average based on 9-inning game

Games Summary


The Automated ScoreBook Games Summary for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games) Inning-by-inning summary: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 EX Total -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ----- Capital 47 39 41 33 32 19 15 0 0 1 227 Opponents 12 19 16 17 30 11 10 2 3 0 120 Win-loss summary: W L T Pct -- -- -- ---- Total 25 17 0 .595 Conference 13 5 0 .722 Non-Conf 12 12 0 .500 Home 8 6 0 .571 Away 10 6 0 .625 Neutral 7 5 0 .583 Day 25 17 0 .595 Nite 0 0 0 .000 vs Left 0 0 0 .000 vs Right 25 17 0 .595 1-Run games 3 3 0 .500 2-Run games 2 3 0 .400 5+Run games 17 2 0 .895 Extra inns 1 2 0 .333 Shutouts 8 3 0 .727 General summary: Current losing streak : 2 Longest winning streak : 7 Longest losing streak : 4 Home attendance : 1585 ( 14 dates avg = 113 ) Away attendance : 1453 ( 27 dates avg = 53 ) Total attendance: 3038 ( 41 dates avg = 74 )

Category Leaders


The Automated ScoreBook Batting Leaders for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games) Hitting minimums - 1 Games Pitching minimums - 1 Games Batting avg ----------- Newton.............. .500 Shepherd............ .478 Burris.............. .449 Kennedy............. .414 Blue................ .375 Slugging pct ------------ Blue................ .750 Burris.............. .610 Shepherd............ .507 Kennedy............. .504 Buck................ .500 On base pct ----------- Burris.............. .545 Shepherd............ .517 Maurath............. .500 Newton.............. .500 Kennedy............. .484 Runs scored ----------- Shepherd............ 45 Kennedy............. 25 Cloud............... 24 Burris.............. 24 Madden.............. 20 Hits ---- Shepherd............ 65 Kennedy............. 55 Burris.............. 53 Cloud............... 44 Heidenreich......... 29 Runs batted in -------------- Burris.............. 33 Cloud............... 30 Heidenreich......... 28 Kennedy............. 27 Madden.............. 17 Doubles ------- Cloud............... 10 Kennedy............. 10 Burris.............. 9 Heidenreich......... 8 Madden.............. 5 Triples ------- Burris.............. 2 Keitch.............. 2 5 tied at........... 1 Home runs --------- Madden.............. 4 Stefano............. 2 Burris.............. 2 Heidenreich......... 1 Blue................ 1 Total bases ----------- Burris.............. 72 Shepherd............ 69 Kennedy............. 67 Cloud............... 56 Madden.............. 47 Walks ----- Burris.............. 20 Kennedy............. 19 Dumas............... 14 Shepherd............ 11 2 tied at........... 9 Hit by pitch ------------ Burris.............. 5 Madden.............. 4 Dumas............... 2 Stephenson.......... 2 7 tied at........... 1 Sac bunts --------- Shepherd............ 12 Dumas............... 10 Heidenreich......... 9 Kennedy............. 8 Keitch.............. 7 Sac flies --------- Cloud............... 2 5 tied at........... 1 Stolen bases ------------ Shepherd............ 47 Madden.............. 15 Burris.............. 9 Kennedy............. 7 Cloud............... 6 Caught stealing --------------- Burris.............. 4 Shepherd............ 4 Madden.............. 3 4 tied at........... 1 Steal attempts -------------- Shepherd............ 51 Madden.............. 18 Burris.............. 13 Kennedy............. 8 Cloud............... 7 Stolen base pct --------------- Dumas............... 1.000 Keitch.............. 1.000 Stephenson.......... 1.000 Maurath............. 1.000 Newton.............. 1.000 Strikeouts ---------- Madden.............. 24 Dumas............... 20 Stefano............. 14 Stephenson.......... 13 2 tied at........... 12 Grounded into DP ---------------- Stefano............. 1 Shepherd............ 1 Total plate appearances ----------------------- Kennedy............. 161 Shepherd............ 159 Cloud............... 151 Burris.............. 148 2 tied at........... 127 At bats ------- Shepherd............ 136 Cloud............... 133 Kennedy............. 133 Burris.............. 118 Heidenreich......... 109 Games played ------------ Cloud............... 42 Kennedy............. 42 Burris.............. 42 3 tied at........... 41 Game starts ----------- Cloud............... 42 Kennedy............. 42 Burris.............. 42 Heidenreich......... 41 Shepherd............ 41 Games as sub ------------ Maurath............. 16 Stephenson.......... 14 Stefano............. 11 Keitch.............. 11 Peters.............. 10
The Automated ScoreBook Pitching Leaders for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games) Hitting minimums - 1 Games Pitching minimums - 1 Games Earned run avg -------------- Blue................ 0.77 Stefano............. 1.94 Heidenreich......... 3.19 Willeke............. 3.35 Opposing bat avg ---------------- Blue................ .146 Stefano............. .210 Willeke............. .233 Heidenreich......... .245 Won-loss pct ------------ Heidenreich......... .667 Willeke............. .600 Stefano............. .538 Blue................ .000 Wins ---- Willeke............. 12 Stefano............. 7 Heidenreich......... 6 Losses ------ Willeke............. 8 Stefano............. 6 Heidenreich......... 3 Saves ----- Stefano............. 4 Willeke............. 1 Innings pitched --------------- Stefano............. 116.0 Willeke............. 104.2 Heidenreich......... 42.1 Blue................ 11.2 Batters struck out ------------------ Stefano............. 148 Willeke............. 84 Heidenreich......... 43 Blue................ 13 Appearances ----------- Stefano............. 27 Willeke............. 24 Heidenreich......... 10 Blue................ 5 Games started ------------- Willeke............. 19 Stefano............. 14 Heidenreich......... 9 Games finished -------------- Stefano............. 12 Willeke............. 5 Blue................ 5 Games in relief --------------- Stefano............. 13 Willeke............. 5 Blue................ 5 Heidenreich......... 1 Wild pitches ------------ Stefano............. 4 Willeke............. 3 Heidenreich......... 2 Blue................ 1 Balks ----- Hit batters ----------- Willeke............. 7 Stefano............. 4 Heidenreich......... 1 Intentional BB allowed ---------------------- Runners picked off ------------------ Willeke............. 1 Buck................ 1 Heidenreich......... 1 Batters SO out looking ---------------------- Stefano............. 21 Willeke............. 16 Heidenreich......... 5 Sac bunts allowed ----------------- Willeke............. 15 Stefano............. 14 Heidenreich......... 6 Blue................ 1 Sac flies allowed ----------------- Stefano............. 3 Heidenreich......... 1 Hits allowed ------------ Blue................ 6 Heidenreich......... 39 Stefano............. 90 Willeke............. 94 Runs allowed ------------ Blue................ 2 Heidenreich......... 23 Stefano............. 38 Willeke............. 57 Earned runs allowed ------------------- Blue................ 1 Heidenreich......... 15 Stefano............. 25 Willeke............. 39 Walks allowed ------------- Blue................ 2 Heidenreich......... 15 Stefano............. 19 Willeke............. 57 Doubles allowed --------------- Heidenreich......... 5 Willeke............. 15 Stefano............. 18 Triples allowed --------------- Stefano............. 1 Willeke............. 5 Home runs allowed ----------------- Willeke............. 4 Heidenreich......... 4 Stefano............. 8 The Automated ScoreBook Fielding Leaders for Capital (as of Jan 28, 2011) (All games) Hitting minimums - 1 Games Pitching minimums - 1 Games Fielding pct ------------ Buck................ 1.000 Marquis............. 1.000 Newton.............. 1.000 Peters.............. 1.000 Stephenson.......... 1.000 Chances ------- Kennedy............. 248 Nemer............... 191 Madden.............. 132 Cloud............... 130 Buck................ 113 Putouts ------- Kennedy............. 234 Nemer............... 178 Buck................ 107 Madden.............. 65 Burris.............. 55 Assists ------- Cloud............... 66 Shepherd............ 63 Madden.............. 55 Willeke............. 26 Stefano............. 23 Errors ------ Madden.............. 12 Cloud............... 11 Shepherd............ 6 Kennedy............. 3 Burris.............. 3 Fielding double plays --------------------- Kennedy............. 4 Cloud............... 2 4 tied at........... 1 Stolen bases against -------------------- Willeke............. 18 Buck................ 17 Nemer............... 10 Stefano............. 7 Heidenreich......... 6 Caught stealing by ------------------ Nemer............... 6 Willeke............. 4 Heidenreich......... 2 Stefano............. 2 2 tied at........... 1 Steal attempts against ---------------------- Willeke............. 22 Buck................ 18 Nemer............... 16 Stefano............. 9 Heidenreich......... 8 Passed balls ------------ Nemer............... 5 Buck................ 5 Catchers interference ---------------------